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In 'Systematicity', Paul Hoyningen-Huene answers the question 'What is science?' by proposing that scientific knowledge is primarily distinguished from other forms of knowledge especially from everyday knowledge, by being more systematic.
Philosophy of science --- Science --- Philosophie des sciences --- Philosophy --- Philosophie des sciences. --- Normal science --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Philosophy.
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Biology raises distinct questions of its own not only for philosophy of science, but for metaphysics, epistemology and ethics. This comprehensive new introduction to a growing field of study provides readers new to the subject with an up-to-date presentation of the key philosophical issues. Care is taken throughout to keep the technicalities accessible to the non-biologist but without sacrificing the philosophical subtleties. The first part of the book explores the philosophical challenges posed by evolution and evolutionary biology, beginning with Darwins central argument in The Origin of Species. Individual chapters cover natural selection, creationism, the selfish gene, alternative units of selection, developmental systems theory, adaptionism and issues in macroevolution. The second part of the book examines philosophical questions that arise in connection with biological traits, function, nature and nurture, and biological kinds. The third part of the book examines metaphysical questions, biologys relation with the traditional concerns of philosophy of science, and how evolution has been introduced into epistemological debates. The final part considers the relevance of biology to questions about ethics, religion and human nature. Philosophy of Biology is a fresh and engaging general survey of the subject suitable for course use and for the non-specialist looking for an introduction to an increasingly popular subject area in the philosophy of science.
Biology --- Vitalism --- Philosophy. --- Philosophy --- Biology - Philosophy --- Biologie --- Philosophie des sciences --- Evolution --- Génétique --- Philosophie
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La décision est devenue aujourd’hui un enjeu majeur : les décisions, individuelles ou collectives, ont des effets parfois énormes, le monde s’est étendu et complexifié, les participants et les instances sont toujours plus nombreux, les informations toujours plus abondantes et, grâce à la science, plus fiables, l’informatique fournit de puissants outils. Nous ne sommes pourtant pas sûrs de savoir ce qu’est une bonne décision ni comment y parvenir. Cet ouvrage examine la décision sous l’angle théorique et sous la forme qu’elle prend dans le contexte des sciences et du droit. Il constitue une contribution originale mais accessible à la théorie de la décision et à la philosophie des sciences.
History & Philosophy Of Science --- psychologie --- causalité --- décision --- rationalité --- Philosophie des sciences --- méthodologie scientifique
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Aristotle's study of the natural world plays a tremendously important part in his philosophical thought. He was very interested in the phenomena of motion, causation, place and time, and teleology, and his theoretical materials in this area are collected in his Physics, a treatise of eight books which has been very influential on later thinkers. This volume of new essays provides cutting-edge research on Aristotle's Physics, taking into account recent changes in the field of Aristotle in terms of its understanding of key concepts and preferred methodology. The contributions reassess the key concepts of the treatise (including nature, chance, teleology, art, and motion), reconstruct Aristotle's methods for the study of nature, and determine the boundaries of his natural philosophy. Because of the foundational nature of Aristotle's Physics itself, the volume will be a must-read for all scholars working on Aristotle.
Physics --- Philosophy, Ancient. --- Science --- Philosophie ancienne --- Sciences --- Philosophy. --- Philosophie --- Aristotle. --- Physique --- Philosophie antique --- Philosophie des sciences --- Philosophy, Ancient --- Philosophy --- Aristote, --- Early works to 1800. --- Ouvrages avant 1800 --- Physics (Aristotle) --- Philosophie antique. --- Philosophie des sciences. --- Aristote --- Science - Philosophy
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What are the features of a good scientific theory? Samuel Schindler's book revisits this classical question in the philosophy of science and develops new answers to it. Theoretical virtues matter not only for choosing theories 'to work with', but also for what we are justified in believing: only if the theories we possess are good ones (qua virtues) can we be confident that our theories' claims about nature are actually correct. Recent debates have focussed rather narrowly on a theory's capacity to predict new phenomena successfully, but Schindler argues that the justification for this focus is thin. He discusses several other theory properties such as testability, accuracy, and consistency, and highlights the importance of simplicity and coherence. Using detailed historical case studies and careful philosophical analysis, Schindler challenges the received view of theoretical virtues and advances arguments for the view that science uncovers reality through theory.
Science --- Sciences --- Philosophie des sciences. --- Methodology. --- Philosophy. --- Méthodologie --- Méthodologie. --- Science - Methodology --- Science - Philosophy --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Scientific method --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical
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Ce volume rassemble les études que le philosophe Jean-Toussaint Desanti (1914-2002) a consacrées à la philosophie des sciences et à la philosophie des mathématiques en particulier. Certains de ces articles proposent des réflexions décisives sur la raison scientifique, l’histoire des sciences et leur rapport à la culture. D’autres reviennent aussi sur les thématiques abordées dans Les Idéalités mathématiques, en facilitent l’accès et les précisent. On trouvera ainsi un ensemble de réflexions historiques sur la naissance des nombres irrationnels, la théorie des fonctions de variables réelles, la naissance de la modernité mathématique ainsi que des analyses épistémologiques plus générales sur l’invention, l’explication, les notions de genèse et de structure en mathématiques. Le cœur de ces analyses est constitué par les notions d’objet, de subjectivité et d’historicité. Comme l’explique Dominique Pradelle dans sa préface, Jean-Toussaint Desanti cherche une tierce voie entre une philosophie de la conscience et une philosophie du concept. Dans cette perspective, l’originalité des textes présentés est d’éclairer le problème de l’historicité des mathématiques et plus encore du sujet des mathématiques.
Mathematics --- Science --- Philosophy. --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Logic of mathematics --- Mathematics, Logic of --- philosophie des sciences --- mathématiques --- philosophie des mathématiques --- logicisme
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Philosophy must be transported into medicine and medicine into philosophy ”, we read in a treatise from the Hippocratic collection. Transporting philosophy into medicine means bringing medicine out of empiricism, making it rational and scientific. Transporting medicine into philosophy: medicine is born out of a demand for care. There is no gulf between what is (the real) and what should be (the ideal): what is, the crying newborn, calls for what should be. Responding to the demand for care with rational, responsible medicine is to adopt a philosophical position. Being a doctor is not philosophically neutral. The philosophy implicit in the medical act can be summed up in three statements: (1) there is evil (a whole metaphysics); (2) it must be remedied (a whole moral); (3) the efforts to remedy them are paltry (Socratic irony), but that does not prevent them from continuing, for the honour.
Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Biology - General --- histoire de la médecine --- médecine --- santé --- philosophie de la médecine --- philosophie des sciences du vivant
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Cet ouvrage a pour ambition de jeter un nouvel éclairage sur les rapports entre la phénoménologie issue de l’œuvre fondatrice de E. Husserl (1859-1938) et les approches scientifiques contemporaines de la cognition, envisagées dans toute leur diversité disciplinaire, la multiplicité de leurs niveaux d’explication et la variété de leurs conflits d’hypothèses. Le souci premier des recherches qu’il rassemble n’est donc pas de s’engager dans une nouvelle exégèse de la phénoménologie husserlienne, quoique le rôle de ce travail interprétatif et critique ne soit aucunement sous-estimé, mais bien plutôt de déterminer dans quelle mesure celle-ci peut contribuer à la quête actuelle d’une explication naturaliste des phénomènes cognitifs, en lui apportant des compléments sur certains points ou en la soumettant à la critique sur d’autres. Mais au-delà, leur ambition est aussi de mesurer la pertinence de la recherche cognitive contemporaine pour la phénoménologie husserlienne elle-même, en évaluant en quoi elle est susceptible d’imprimer à cette dernière un nouveau tournant. Parce qu'aucun ouvrage ne saurait prétendre embrasser les multiples facettes de cette double interrogation, les contributions ici rassemblées l’abordent principalement sous l’angle de la question de la naturalisation. Cette problématique permet d’embrasser une grande variété de problèmes, allant des structures générales de l’intentionnalité au problème des principes épistémologiques et ontologiques sur lesquels doit reposer une théorie scientifique de la cognition, en passant par l’analyse de la temporalité ou de la perception, ainsi que la modélisation mathématique de leur description phénoménologique. Naturaliser la phénoménologie constitue par là une réflexion collective sur la façon dont la phénoménologie husserlienne peut contribuer à l’effort actuel pour surmonter le problème du déficit d’explication de l’expérience phénoménale par l’activité cérébrale, et en retour, sur celle dont un tel effort…
Phenomenology. --- Philosophy and cognitive science --- Phénoménologie --- Philosophie et sciences cognitives --- Husserl, Edmund, --- Cognitive science. --- Phénoménologie --- Science --- Philosophy of mind --- Philosophy, Modern --- Philosophy - Phenomenology. --- Philosophie des sciences --- Sciences cognitives
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Although now replaced by more modern theories, classical mechanics remains a core foundational element of physical theory. From its inception, the theory of dynamics has been riddled with conceptual issues and differing philosophical interpretations and throughout its long historical development, it has shown subtle conceptual refinement. The interpretive program for the theory has also shown deep evolutionary change over time. Lawrence Sklar discusses crucial issues in the central theory from which contemporary foundational theories are derived and shows how some core issues (the nature of force, the place of absolute reference frames) have nevertheless remained deep puzzles despite the increasingly sophisticated understanding of the theory which has been acquired over time. His book will be of great interest to philosophers of science, philosophers in general and physicists concerned with foundational interpretive issues in their field.
Dynamics. --- Science --- Mechanik. --- Dynamisches System. --- Philosophie. --- Philosophy. --- Philosophy & Social Aspects. --- Dynamics --- Philosophy --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Dynamical systems --- Kinetics --- Mathematics --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Force and energy --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Statics --- Arts and Humanities --- Science - Philosophy --- Dynamique --- Philosophie des sciences
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In recent years, many members of the intellectual community have embraced a radical relativism regarding knowledge in general and scientific knowledge in particular, holding that Kuhn, Quine, and Feyerabend have knocked the traditional picture of scientific knowledge into a cocked hat. Is philosophy of science, or mistaken impressions of it, responsible for the rise of relativism? In this book, Laudan offers a trenchant, wide-ranging critique of cognitive relativism and a thorough introduction to major issues in the philosophy of knowledge.
Philosophy of science --- Science --- Relativity. --- Philosophy. --- History. --- Relativity --- Relativisme --- Philosophie des sciences --- Sciences --- Philosophy --- History --- Histoire --- Normal science --- Relativism --- Relativisme. --- Philosophie des sciences. --- Histoire. --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Reality --- Relationism --- Ciencia --- Relatividad. --- Relativité. --- Science. --- Naturwissenschaften. --- Philosophie. --- Relativismus. --- Wissenschaft. --- Wissenschaftsphilosophie. --- Wissenschaftstheorie. --- Wetenschapsfilosofie. --- Historia. --- Science - Philosophy. --- Science - History. --- science, relativism, knowledge, philosophy, history, cognition, epistemology, social sciences, humanities, realism, pragmatism, logical positivism, underdetermination, wittgenstein, subjectivity, scientific method, quantum theory, rationality, probability, prediction, instrumentalism, observation, objectivity, naturalism, nonfiction, ontology, language, empiricism.
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